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The Cost of Chocolate: Illegal Cocoa Farming Threatens the Survival of Liberias Last Intact Rainforests

by Asro July 19, 2026

written by Asro

Liberia is currently grappling with an environmental crisis as its primary rainforests, which constitute a significant portion of the remaining Upper Guinean forest ecosystem, are being cleared at an unprecedented rate to make way for illegal cocoa production. Recent satellite imagery and on-the-ground investigations have confirmed that the expansion of the cocoa frontier is no longer confined to traditional agricultural zones but has penetrated deep into protected areas and indigenous territories. This surge in deforestation is fueled by a complex web of global demand, historical migration patterns, and economic desperation, placing Liberia at a critical crossroads between short-term agricultural gain and long-term ecological survival.

The Rapid Decline of the Upper Guinean Forest

The Upper Guinean forest once stretched across West Africa, from Guinea and Sierra Leone through Liberia to Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. Today, Liberia is home to approximately 40 percent of what remains of this vital ecosystem. Unlike its neighbors, who have seen the vast majority of their forest cover vanish over the last five decades, Liberia managed to retain large, contiguous blocks of primary forest. However, this "green lung" is now under direct threat from an industry that has already decimated the landscapes of its neighbors: cocoa.

Data from Global Forest Watch and satellite monitoring services indicate that forest loss in southeastern Liberia has accelerated sharply over the last three years. The drivers are clear—small-scale and mid-sized farmers are clearing primary forest to plant cocoa trees, often operating within the boundaries of national parks or "Proposed Protected Areas" (PPAs). The lure of cocoa is simple: it is a cash crop with a ready global market, and as soil fertility declines in older cocoa-producing regions of West Africa, the untouched, nutrient-rich soils of Liberia’s rainforests become an attractive target for expansion.

The Ivorian Precedent: A Cautionary Tale

To understand the current trajectory in Liberia, environmental analysts point toward the history of Côte d’Ivoire. In the 1960s, Côte d’Ivoire was covered in dense tropical forests. Following a government-led push to become a global leader in cocoa production, the country saw a massive influx of internal and regional migrants who cleared forests to plant "brown gold." While the strategy succeeded in making Côte d’Ivoire the world’s largest cocoa producer—currently accounting for about 40 percent of global supply—it came at a staggering environmental cost.

Estimates suggest that Côte d’Ivoire has lost more than 80 to 90 percent of its forest cover since independence. As the land became exhausted and the climate began to shift due to the loss of tree cover, the cocoa frontier began to move. Experts observe that the same pattern of migration and land clearance is now replicating itself in southeastern Liberia. Migrant workers from Côte d’Ivoire, often possessing the technical knowledge of cocoa cultivation but lacking land in their home country, are crossing the border into Liberia. They often form agreements with local community landowners who, living in extreme poverty, see the influx of farmers as a source of immediate income or "development."

The Mechanics of Illegal Cocoa Expansion

The expansion into Liberia’s forests is rarely a corporate-led endeavor in its initial stages. Instead, it is characterized by a "pioneer" model of settlement. Small groups of workers enter the forest, clear the understory, and fell the largest trees to allow sunlight to reach the young cocoa saplings. This process often takes place in remote areas where government oversight is minimal or non-existent.

In many cases, these plantations are established within protected habitats, such as the areas surrounding Sapo National Park or the Grebo-Krahn National Park. These regions are globally recognized for their biodiversity, serving as the last strongholds for the Western Chimpanzee, an endangered species, as well as the elusive pygmy hippopotamus. The fragmentation of these forests not only destroys habitat but also opens up once-inaccessible areas to commercial bushmeat hunting, further endangering local wildlife.

Forest rangers in Liberia report that they are severely outmatched. With limited personnel, lack of vehicles, and insufficient funding, the Forestry Development Authority (FDA) struggles to patrol thousands of square kilometers of dense terrain. Rangers often encounter established villages and thousands of hectares of cocoa where there should be nothing but primary forest. Evicting these communities is a logistical and humanitarian nightmare, as many of the workers have lived there for years and have no other means of support.

A Chronology of the Cocoa Frontier Shift

The movement of the cocoa industry into Liberia has followed a distinct timeline:

Something strange is happening in Liberia

1960s–1990s: Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana dominate the global cocoa market, utilizing their own forest reserves for expansion. Liberia remains largely forested, though impacted by civil conflict.
2000s: Post-conflict Liberia sees a slow return to agricultural activity. Meanwhile, Côte d’Ivoire begins to face a "land crunch" as primary forest disappears and soil productivity drops.
2010–2015: Early signs of cross-border migration appear. Small-scale Ivorian farmers begin moving into the Liberian counties of Grand Gedeh, River Gee, and Maryland.
2017–2020: Satellite data begins to pick up "hotspots" of deforestation in southeastern Liberia. International NGOs warn that the cocoa frontier is shifting westward.
2021–Present: The rate of clearance accelerates. The European Union introduces new regulations to combat deforestation, prompting a scramble to secure land before stricter traceability requirements are fully enforced.

International Regulation: The EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR)

The global community has not been blind to these developments. The European Union, which is the world’s largest importer of cocoa, recently adopted the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR). This landmark legislation requires companies to prove that products such as cocoa, coffee, palm oil, and timber were not produced on land deforested after December 31, 2020.

For Liberia, the EUDR is a double-edged sword. On one hand, it provides a powerful incentive for the government and international buyers to clean up the supply chain. If Liberian cocoa is flagged as "high risk" due to deforestation, it could be barred from the lucrative European market, devastating the country’s legitimate agricultural sector. On the other hand, the difficulty of implementing traceability systems in remote, unregulated forests means that illegal cocoa may simply be laundered into the "clean" supply chain or sold to markets with less stringent environmental standards.

Critics argue that without significant financial support for smallholder farmers and better enforcement of land-use laws, the EUDR may inadvertently push illegal production further into the shadows rather than stopping it.

Social and Economic Realities of Forest Communities

The drive behind illegal cocoa farming is deeply rooted in the socio-economic reality of rural Liberia. For many community landowners, the forest is their only asset. In the absence of government services, roads, or alternative industries, leasing land to cocoa farmers is often the only way to pay for school fees or medical emergencies.

"The forest doesn’t give us money just by standing there," is a common sentiment among local residents. This highlights the fundamental challenge of conservation: how to make a standing forest more valuable than a cleared one. While carbon credit programs and sustainable harvesting initiatives have been proposed, they have yet to provide the immediate, tangible benefits that cocoa farming offers.

Furthermore, the relationship between migrant workers and local communities is complex. While they provide labor and agricultural expertise, their presence often leads to land disputes and the erosion of traditional community structures. In some areas, the sheer scale of the influx has overwhelmed local governance, leading to a "wild west" atmosphere where land is sold multiple times and forest boundaries are ignored.

Broader Impact and Environmental Implications

The loss of Liberia’s rainforests has implications that extend far beyond the country’s borders. These forests are critical for regional climate regulation. They influence rainfall patterns across West Africa, which is essential for the very agriculture—including cocoa—that is currently causing their destruction. The "savannization" of the region is a looming threat; as the forests disappear, the local climate becomes hotter and drier, making it harder to grow crops in the long run.

From a biodiversity perspective, the loss is irreparable. Liberia’s forests are home to species found nowhere else on Earth. The Western Chimpanzee, for instance, has seen its population plummet across West Africa. The fragmentation of the Liberian forest blocks means that these primates are increasingly isolated in small pockets of trees, unable to migrate or find enough food, leading to a slow-motion extinction.

Future Outlook and Policy Recommendations

Addressing the crisis in Liberia requires a multi-pronged approach that balances enforcement with economic development. Experts suggest several key interventions:

Strengthening the Forestry Development Authority (FDA): Increased funding for satellite monitoring and ground patrols is essential. This must be coupled with anti-corruption measures to ensure that permits are not being issued illegally.
Implementing Robust Traceability: For Liberia to remain a player in the global cocoa market, it must develop a national traceability system that maps every farm. This would allow buyers to distinguish between "legal" cocoa grown on existing agricultural land and "illegal" cocoa grown in protected forests.
Community-Based Forest Management: Empowering local communities to manage their own forests has shown success in other regions. By providing legal titles and support for sustainable industries like eco-tourism or non-timber forest products (e.g., honey, nuts), the incentive to clear land for cocoa can be reduced.
International Cooperation: Since the cocoa trade is global, the solution must be global. The EU and other major importers must provide technical and financial assistance to help Liberia meet new environmental standards without punishing the poorest farmers.

As the global demand for chocolate continues to rise, the pressure on Liberia’s forests will only intensify. The story of the Ivorian cocoa boom serves as a stark warning: once the primary forest is gone, it cannot be easily replaced. For Liberia, the coming decade will determine whether it can break the cycle of deforestation or if it will follow the same path as its neighbors, sacrificing its natural heritage for a fleeting economic windfall. The satellite data is clear; the time for intervention is now, before the last of West Africa’s great forests are converted into a patchwork of illegal plantations.

July 19, 2026 0 comment

Environment & Climate

The Bitter Price of Sweetness How the Global Cocoa Rush is Decimating Liberias Last Great Rainforests

by Nana Wu July 19, 2026

written by Nana Wu

Deep within the dense, humid interior of Grand Gedeh County, a transformative and potentially catastrophic economic shift is underway. For decades, the Upper Guinean rainforest of West Africa has been under siege, falling victim to the relentless demands of commercial logging, infrastructure expansion, and large-scale industrial agriculture. Today, Liberia stands as the final frontier for this ancient ecosystem, holding more than half of the region’s remaining primary forest. However, a new threat has emerged that mirrors the destruction seen in neighboring Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana: the rapid, unregulated expansion of cacao production. Known locally as "brown gold," cocoa has become the focal point of a modern-day land rush that pits the immediate survival of impoverished communities against the long-term preservation of one of the world’s most critical biodiversity hotspots.

The Epicenter of the Cocoa Rush

In southeastern Liberia, specifically within the borders of Grand Gedeh, the landscape is changing at a pace that has alarmed environmentalists and satellite monitoring agencies alike. Recent data reveals massive tracts of forest being cleared to make way for cocoa seedlings. This expansion is not merely the work of small-scale subsistence farmers but represents a systemic shift in the regional economy. The allure of cocoa is driven by its status as a reliable cash crop in a region where economic opportunities are vanishingly thin.

Local residents and officials describe the current atmosphere as a fever. The pursuit of cocoa wealth has permeated every level of society, from rural villagers and migrant workers to government officials and wealthy urban investors. As the global price of cocoa fluctuates—recently hitting record highs due to crop failures and aging plantations in traditional hubs like Côte d’Ivoire—the pressure on Liberia’s untouched forests has intensified. For many in Grand Gedeh, the forest is no longer viewed as a sanctuary for wildlife but as a dormant asset waiting to be converted into capital.

Conservation Under Siege: The Case of the Proposed National Park

The frontline of this conflict is often found in "proposed" protected areas—regions identified for their ecological importance but lacking the full legal and physical protections of a gazetted national park. One such area in Grand Gedeh serves as a vital habitat for the Western chimpanzee, an endangered species whose numbers have plummeted across West Africa. The forest is also home to forest elephants, pygmy hippos, and rare leopard species, many of which are found nowhere else on Earth.

George, a representative of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), has spent years attempting to safeguard this landscape. His task has become increasingly difficult as the cocoa industry moves in. During a recent investigative journey into the heart of the proposed park, forest rangers discovered massive illegal plantations. In one instance, a single farm spanned approximately 100 hectares—a staggering size for an illicit operation within a sensitive conservation zone.

The environmental impact is immediate. As the canopy is thinned to allow sunlight for young cocoa trees, the microclimate of the forest shifts. The humidity levels drop, the risk of fire increases, and the corridors used by migratory animals are severed. For the Western chimpanzee, the loss of these forests is existential; they require large, contiguous areas of primary forest to forage and maintain social structures. When the forest is fragmented by cocoa farms, these primates are pushed into closer contact with humans, leading to increased instances of poaching and human-wildlife conflict.

The Human Element: Migration, Labor, and Survival

The driving force behind the physical labor of this expansion is often a mobile population of migrant workers, many hailing from Burkina Faso. These workers bring with them decades of experience from the Ivorian cocoa sector, which has largely collapsed due to soil exhaustion and total deforestation. Attracted by the promise of "greener pastures" and invited by Liberian community landowners, these migrants clear the land and plant the trees in exchange for a share of the eventual profits or land.

The social dynamics of this "cocoa rush" are complex. While the influx of workers and the establishment of farms have brought a semblance of wealth to formerly stagnant towns—replacing mud huts with concrete houses and zinc roofs—the human cost is evident. Investigations have uncovered the presence of child labor on these remote farms. Children who should be in school are instead found working in the forest, exposed to the risks of heavy labor and the threat of arrest by forest rangers.

When confronted, many local landowners and workers express a sense of desperation. In a country still recovering from the long-term effects of civil conflict and the Ebola crisis, cocoa represents one of the few pathways out of extreme poverty. Community members often argue that if the government and international conservation groups want them to stop farming in the forest, they must provide a viable economic alternative. Without such alternatives, the "brown gold" remains the only game in town.

The Mechanics of the Supply Chain: From Forest to Broker

The journey of a cocoa bean from a deforested patch in Grand Gedeh to a chocolate bar in Europe is mediated by a network of brokers and middlemen. In Zleh City, the regional hub for the cocoa trade, brokers run the show. These individuals act as the bridge between the isolated forest farms and the global market.

Lincoln, a prominent broker in the region, notes that the business is growing daily. Brokers provide the necessary capital for farmers to expand and handle the logistics of transporting the beans to the capital, Monrovia. Interestingly, there is a profound disconnect between the producers and the consumers. Many farmers and brokers have no idea where their cocoa eventually ends up or which multinational corporations are buying it. They are "blind" participants in a global supply chain, motivated solely by the small margins of profit that trickles down to them.

From Monrovia, the cocoa is exported, with more than half of Liberia’s production destined for the European Union (EU). This makes Europe the primary beneficiary of Liberian cocoa and, by extension, a silent partner in the deforestation occurring in Grand Gedeh.

Legislative Hurdles: The EUDR and the Global Response

Recognizing its role in global deforestation, the European Union recently passed the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR). This landmark legislation aims to ensure that products sold on the European market—including cocoa, coffee, soy, and timber—are not linked to deforestation or forest degradation. Under the EUDR, companies must provide "verifiable" information that their products were grown on land that was not deforested after December 31, 2020.

If strictly enforced, the EUDR could effectively shut Liberian cocoa out of the European market, as much of the current production is occurring on recently cleared forest land. Delara Burkhardt, a Member of the European Parliament, emphasizes that the regulation is intended to shift the burden of responsibility onto the industries profiting from forest destruction. The goal is to foster a more sustainable trade relationship that does not rely on the "one-sided exploitation of resources."

However, the implementation of the EUDR has faced significant pushback. Originally slated to go into force in 2024, the regulation has been delayed twice following intense lobbying from both within the EU and from major producing nations. Critics of the delay argue that it is a political decision rather than a technical one, and that every month of postponement allows more hectares of primary forest to be lost.

Analysis of Implications: A Repeating History?

The current trajectory of Liberia’s cocoa industry bears a haunting resemblance to the history of Côte d’Ivoire. In the late 20th century, Côte d’Ivoire became the world’s leading cocoa producer, but the cost was the loss of over 90% of its primary rainforest. Liberia is now at a crossroads. It can either follow the "Ivorian path" of total forest conversion for short-term economic gain, or it can attempt to pioneer a new model of sustainable, forest-friendly agriculture.

The challenges to a sustainable model are immense. It requires robust land-use planning, the formalization of land rights for local communities, and significant international investment to compensate for the "opportunity cost" of not clearing the forest. Furthermore, the lack of traceability in the Liberian cocoa supply chain makes it nearly impossible to distinguish between "legal" cocoa grown on old agricultural land and "illegal" cocoa grown in protected forests.

If the EUDR is eventually implemented and enforced, Liberia faces an economic crisis if it cannot prove the sustainability of its exports. Conversely, if the regulation is watered down or further delayed, the remaining fragments of the Upper Guinean rainforest may disappear within a generation.

Conclusion: The Survival of the Upper Guinean Forest

The fate of Liberia’s rainforests ultimately rests on a delicate balance between local economic needs and global environmental responsibilities. The "brown gold" of Grand Gedeh provides a lifeline for thousands of people living in poverty, but it does so by consuming the very natural capital that provides essential ecosystem services—such as carbon sequestration and climate regulation—to the entire planet.

As the world’s appetite for chocolate continues to grow, the pressure on these forests will only increase. The stories of the forest rangers in Grand Gedeh, the migrant workers in the illegal clearings, and the legislators in Brussels are all interconnected. Without a concerted effort to provide sustainable livelihoods for Liberian farmers and a transparent, accountable global supply chain, the silence of the Western chimpanzee may soon be the only sound left in the once-vast forests of West Africa. The "cocoa vs. forest" battle is currently being won by cocoa, and the clock is ticking for the last of the Upper Guinean rainforest.

July 19, 2026 0 comment

Environment & Climate

The Bitter Price of Sweetness How the Global Cocoa Rush is Devouring Liberias Last Rainforests

by Nana Wu July 18, 2026

written by Nana Wu

In the dense, humid stretches of Grand Gedeh County in southeastern Liberia, a new kind of gold rush is underway. It is not for minerals or precious stones, but for a crop that has already transformed the landscapes of neighboring nations: cacao. Known locally as "brown gold," the plant has become the primary driver of a rapid and often illegal expansion into the heart of the Upper Guinean rainforest, the last great forest remnant in West Africa. For decades, this ecosystem has survived the pressures of commercial logging and infrastructure development, but the global appetite for chocolate now threatens to erase what remains.

Liberia currently holds more than 50 percent of the remaining Upper Guinean rainforest, a biodiversity hotspot that once stretched across much of West Africa. As Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana saw their forest covers plummet to accommodate massive cocoa industries, Liberia’s forests remained relatively intact. However, satellite data and recent investigations reveal a troubling shift. Massive tracts of primary forest are being cleared at an accelerating rate, replaced by neat rows of young cacao trees. This expansion is moving into protected areas and proposed national parks, pitting the economic survival of local communities against the survival of some of the world’s most endangered species.

The Frontlines of the Cacao Frontier

The epicenter of this environmental struggle is Grand Gedeh, where the "cocoa fever" has infected every level of society. From subsistence farmers and local government officials to wealthy outside investors, the rush to plant cacao is viewed as a definitive escape from poverty. In the proposed Grebo-Krahn National Park, forest rangers and conservationists are engaged in a desperate game of cat-and-mouse with illegal farmers.

George, a representative of the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, patrols these forests daily. His mission is to protect a landscape that is home to species found nowhere else on Earth, including the Western chimpanzee, the forest elephant, and the pygmy hippo. However, the task is becoming nearly impossible. "People are destroying the forest in the name of cocoa farming," George explains. The destruction is not merely the work of individual foragers but involves organized, large-scale operations. Some illegal farms discovered deep within protected zones span over 100 hectares—a massive footprint for an area intended for conservation.

The speed of the transition is staggering. Areas that were primary forest just twelve months ago are now populated by knee-high cacao saplings. For the conservationists, it feels like a losing battle. "Cocoa is winning the battle, and very fast," George notes. When rangers approach these illegal plots, workers often flee into the bush, leaving behind tools and evidence of a burgeoning industry that operates in the shadows of the law.

The Human Cost and the Migrant Influx

The expansion of the Liberian cocoa industry is heavily reliant on a migrant workforce, particularly from Burkina Faso. These workers, often referred to as "Burkinabe," bring with them years of technical expertise in cacao cultivation—knowledge honed in the now-depleted forests of Côte d’Ivoire. They are frequently invited by Liberian community leaders and landowners who lack the specific skills to manage cacao plantations but possess the land.

This demographic shift has created a complex socio-economic dynamic. While many locals see the Burkinabe as a means to transform their "huts into houses," the influx has also brought legal and ethical challenges. Rangers have encountered children working on these remote, illegal farms—children who should be in school but are instead caught in the crosshairs of a global commodity chain.

For the migrant workers, the motivation is simple: economic opportunity. They view the Liberian rainforest as a "greener pasture" compared to the exhausted soils of their home regions. For the Liberian landowners, the justification is equally pragmatic. When asked about the illegality of farming in protected zones, one local landowner responded with a question of his own: "I live on the land now. If you say I shouldn’t do [this], what do you expect me to do? How do you expect me to live?" This sentiment highlights the fundamental disconnect between international conservation goals and the immediate survival needs of one of the world’s poorest populations.

From the Forest Floor to the Global Market

The journey of a cocoa bean from a remote Liberian farm to a European chocolate bar is facilitated by a network of brokers and exporters. In Zleh City, the hub of the regional cocoa trade, brokers like Lincoln run the show. These middlemen are the primary beneficiaries of the "brown gold" rush. As the cocoa moves up the supply chain, its price increases, and so do the profits for those who control the logistics.

Interestingly, there is a profound lack of transparency at the local level. Farmers and regional brokers often have no idea who the ultimate buyers are. They sell to exporters in the capital, Monrovia, who then ship the product across the Atlantic. "We do not know which company it is—whether a European or an American company," says Lincoln. "We’re just here because we were living in poverty, and we’re seeing the cocoa bringing little money to us."

Data suggests that more than half of Liberia’s cocoa exports are destined for the European Union. This makes the EU the most influential player in the fate of Liberia’s forests. However, the link between the chocolate in a Brussels shop and the illegal clearing of a chimpanzee habitat in Grand Gedeh remains largely invisible to the average consumer.

The Legislative Shield: EUDR and its Delays

In an attempt to address its role in global deforestation, the European Union passed the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR). This landmark legislation aims to ensure that products sold on the EU market—including cocoa, coffee, palm oil, and timber—are not linked to deforestation or forest degradation. Under the EUDR, companies would be required to provide geolocation data for the land where their commodities were produced, proving they did not originate from land deforested after December 31, 2020.

If strictly enforced, the EUDR could effectively shut down the Liberian cocoa trade in its current form, as much of the new production is occurring on recently cleared forest land. Delara Burkhardt, a Member of the European Parliament, emphasizes that the law is about taking responsibility. "What we are offering by setting standards for the European market is possibilities to have a more sustainable agricultural production in the original countries," she says.

However, the implementation of the EUDR has faced significant hurdles. Originally set to go into effect in late 2024, the regulation has been delayed following intense pressure from both international trading partners and European industries. These delays are seen by environmentalists as a major setback. "The delays are not technical issues; it’s a political decision," Burkhardt warns. For the forests of Grand Gedeh, every month of delay represents more hectares lost to the chainsaw and the torch.

A History Repeating Itself

The current trajectory of Liberia’s cocoa industry bears a haunting resemblance to the history of Côte d’Ivoire. In the late 20th century, Côte d’Ivoire became the world’s leading cocoa producer, but the cost was the near-total destruction of its rainforests. Today, Côte d’Ivoire has lost over 80 percent of its forest cover since the 1960s, largely due to cocoa.

Liberia is now at a crossroads. The country’s economy is fragile, and the allure of cocoa revenue is powerful. Yet, the environmental stakes could not be higher. The Upper Guinean rainforest is a critical carbon sink and a vital regulator of the regional climate. Its loss would not only mean the extinction of rare wildlife but would also destabilize the very environment that makes agriculture possible in the first place.

Implications and the Path Forward

The situation in Grand Gedeh illustrates the "green paradox" of modern development. To protect the climate and biodiversity, the world needs Liberia’s forests to remain standing. However, to achieve economic dignity, Liberians need a viable industry. Currently, cacao is filling that vacuum, but it is doing so at the expense of the nation’s natural heritage.

For a sustainable future, several interventions are necessary:

Land Tenure Clarification: The "proposed" status of many national parks creates a legal gray area that farmers exploit. Formalizing these boundaries and providing clear land titles elsewhere could reduce encroachment.
Support for Intensification: Instead of expanding into new forests, farmers need technical support to increase yields on existing agricultural land.
Traceability Systems: If Liberia wants to maintain access to the European market, it must invest in the technology required to track cocoa from the farm to the port, ensuring it is "deforestation-free."
International Compensation: If the global community wants Liberia to preserve its forests for the benefit of the planet, there must be financial mechanisms—such as carbon credits or direct conservation payments—that make a standing forest more valuable than a cocoa plantation.

As it stands, the "brown gold" of Grand Gedeh is a bittersweet commodity. It brings the promise of a zinc roof and a school uniform today, but it borrows that prosperity from the ecological stability of tomorrow. Unless the world’s appetite for chocolate is matched by a commitment to protecting the origins of its ingredients, Liberia may soon follow its neighbors into a future where the forest is only a memory.

July 18, 2026 0 comment